TNF and injury: Liu [41] found that ADSCs prevented cell apoptosis via an increase in Bcl-2 expression, which exerted anti-apoptotic effects in a rat cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury model; additionally, ADSCs ameliorate inflammatory reactions, reduce apoptosis and mitigate renal ischemia reperfusion injury through the up-regulation of TNF-α and Bcl-2 [42].