TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Recent findings that systemically administered XPro1595 (10 mg/kg) does indeed cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [32] and the findings in the present study that CNS TNF levels are reduced six hours after pMCAO in anti-TNF-treated mice suggest that both etanercept and XPro1595 may have crossed the BBB, however this could also be the result of endothelial dysfunction rather than transport across the BBB [33].