INSR and neoplasm: This approach extends upon our experience in bridging tumor cells with T-cells using biotinylated antibodies that engage an avidin-based immunoreceptor on the engineered T-cell surface [58], however, by comparison, the BsAb-IR described here is fully human in composition reducing the risk for transgene immunogenicity, and can be bound with antibodies with affinities higher than that obtainable using dimeric avidin binding to biotin (KD = 0.5 +/− 0.1 nM).