In terms of the Foxp3+ tumour-infiltrating T-cell population, detailed phenotypic characterization revealed that the majority of these displayed an activated effector memory phenotype, i.e. up-regulating CD44, down-regulating both CCR7 and CD62L and expressing CD103.30 Treg cells exhibiting this phenotype have been described as ‘inflammation-seeking’, highly suppressive and expressing high levels of mRNA for inflammatory chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR5 and CXCR3,31 consistent with our observations that CXCR3 is co-expressed with these receptors. Here, CD44 is linked to neoplasm.