MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IL-8 secretion were comparable for low-dose chlamydial infection and stimulation with LPS, correlating with similar TNF-α secretion for the two stimuli, adding evidence to the finding that MCP-1, MIP-1α and IL-8 induction depend on TNF-α [36]. Here, CCL2 is linked to chlamydia trachomatis infectious disease.