Together, these data demonstrate that POS urine specimens exhibit low HBD1 levels, but high psoriasin and lactoferrrin levels compared to the other cohorts; PostI-UTI urine specimens exhibit high HBD1 and psoriasin levels, but low lactoferrin levels; NEG urine specimens exhibit low psoriasin and lactoferrin levels. This evidence concerns the gene LTF and bacterial urinary tract infection.