DEFB1 and bacterial urinary tract infection: HBD1 levels were significantly lower in the POS cohort relative to the PostI-UTI cohort (p<0.05 for POS vs. PostI-UTI) (Fig. 3A), whereas HBD2 levels did not significantly vary between the three cohorts (one-way ANOVA and Dunn's Multiple Comparison test, p>0.05) (Fig. 3B).