However, HO-1 induction could be disadvantageous in certain conditions: it can aggravate infection with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli by reducing nitric oxide production in human enterocytes [28], and it also enhances pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis by increasing angiogenesis [29] and exacerbates intracellular oxidative stress in astroglia, leading to brain injury [30]. This evidence concerns the gene HMOX1 and infection.