Elevated levels VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin were induced by TNF-α produced by M1 macrophages, and these proteins are known to result in enhanced progression of atherosclerosis.20,21 It should be noted that the lack of change in P-selectin message level might not be surprising because its regulation occurs mostly at the level of surface expression of preformed protein.22 Here, VCAM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.