Clinical evidence for this pro-inflammatory state comes from observations that patients with severe HF have markedly elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor TNF-α, up-regulation of soluble receptors for TNF, and a number of interleukins including IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as several cellular adhesion molecules [66,67] and curcumin, antagonizing the expression or action various cytokines and chemokines, can ameliorate heart failure. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and heart failure.