Screening of 78 benign and 89 malignant patient samples revealed an induced PIAS1 expression with increasing Gleason score (GSC) [low GSC, ≤7 (3 + 4); high GSC, ≥ 7 (4 + 3)] and tumor stage (Fig. 1A, B; Supplementary Fig. S1A). The gene discussed is PIAS1; the disease is neoplasm.