In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where the risk of CVD and accelerated atherosclerosis is increased, anti-phospholipid antibodies against cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine (anti-CL and anti-PS) have been much discussed and are generally recognized as risk factors for CVD in SLE, typically when present in very high levels as compared to controls. This evidence concerns the gene PRB2 and systemic lupus erythematosus.