The protocols of exercise training that were used in these studies did not alter the insulin responsiveness of metabolic syndrome subjects or controls as quantified by euglycemic clamp studies (metabolic syndrome post training 2.16 ± 0.28 mg/kg.min, P = 0.685; controls post training 6.85 ± 0.81 mg/kg.min, P = 0.354). Here, INS is linked to metabolic syndrome.