TLR4 and glioblastoma: According to Fu et al., anti-GBM antibody-treated mice develop mild GN, but when the treatment is coupled with specific TLR ligands, including peptidoglycan (TLR2), poly (I:C) (TLR3), LPS (TLR4), or flagellin (TLR5), the treated mice developed GN of greater severity associated with the activation of the NF-κΒ pathway23.