There was a similar age and gender distribution among the cohorts and all adults were screened to be seronegative for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. We have previously shown that TGF-β1, regulatory T-cells and TLR-1 expression are correlated with the magnitude of the T-cell response to MVA85A in UK adults [27]-[29]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hepatitis B virus infection.