VEGFA and urothelial carcinoma: Microvessel density (ameasure of tumour angiogenesis) and high serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)levels appear to be associated with a poorer outcome in urothelial carcinoma and, inparticular, may be associated with higher disease stage, higher grade, vascularinvasion, and poorer disease-free survival [3], [4].