First, the concentrations of Ucn1 required for enhancement of ACAT1 and CD36 expression and foam cell formation in macrophages were relatively high (250–500-fold) compared with plasma Ucn1 concentrations in humans: ∼0.1 nmol/l in healthy volunteers and ∼0.18 nmol/l in patients with acute myocardial infarction [14]. Here, UCN is linked to acute myocardial infarction.