In agreement with these studies, recent data indicate that inhibiting IRAK-1,-4 signaling in a variety of leukemias including Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, myelodysplasia, and acute myeloid leukemia substantially impaired proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and treatment with IRAK inhibitors prolonged mouse survival (32, 33). This evidence concerns the gene IRAK1 and acute myeloid leukemia.