Our results show that tumour growth was severely impaired by both intraperitoneal (Fig.6A, C and E) and intratumoural (Fig.6B, D and F) poly I:C administration, demonstrating for the first time the direct non-immune-mediated anticancer effect of the TLR3 agonist as a single therapeutic agent in human PCa cells in vivo. Here, TLR3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.