CD4 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: However, when lacking T-cells or, specifically, CD4+ T-cells, ALS mice display microglial cells with attenuated morphological microgliosis, decreased activation markers such as CD11b and CD68, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, decreased levels of trophic factors such as IGF-1, GDNF and BDNF as well as elevated levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2, which is known to enhance microglial release of ROS [20,23].