DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: To restore the dystrophin protein reading frame in iPSCs from the DMD patient who lacked exon 44, we devised three approaches: the first was to disrupt the splicing acceptor of exon 45, as the connection of exons 43 and 46 would restore the reading frame; the second was to induce a frameshift by introducing small indels (insertions or deletions); and the third was to insert exon 44 in front of exon 45 (Figure 2A).