CXCL8 and infection: Based on our observation that PI3K/Akt pathway plays an anti-inflammatory role, decreasing IL-8 production on Salmonella infection in IECs via interactions with ERK kinase [24], we demonstrated that inhibition of PI3K upregulated but inhibition of ERK suppressed P. aeruginosa-induced IL-8 production in IECs after prolonged infection (Figure 5).