The safety of LPS, the classic ligand for TLR-4, as a standalone medicine was tested and low doses (4 ng/kg) that are relatively safe were determined in early clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, sarcoma, anal, gallbladder and trachea cancer [32]. Here, TLR4 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.