For example, during both experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus infections of the CNS, microglia produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL2, C-C motif ligand (CCL)2, CCL3, and CCL5 ex vivo, mediators that recruit neutrophils (CXCL1 and CXCL2), monocytes (CCL2 and CCL3), and T cells (CCL5) (84, 85, 89–91). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and staphylococcus aureus infection.