To summarise, locally heating tumours at 39–45 °C can elicit anti-tumour immune responses (1) by enabling tumour cells to stimulate the immune system through increased surface expression of MICA or MHC class I and release of HSPs and/or exosomes, (2) by directly activating intra-tumoural immune cells such as NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and DCs, and (3) by improving immune-cell trafficking between the tumour and lymphoid organs. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.