To this end,we treated GBM cells during the dedifferentiation process with 7 nM YM-155,a selective inhibitor of survivin used in anti-cancer clinicaltrials.50 As an additionalcontrol, we used MK-2206 (250 nM), a selective AKT inhibitor,51 as we and others52 showed that AKT can control the expression of survivinin GBM cells (Figure 8a). The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is cancer.