CRP and anemia (phenotype): We used linear regression analysis to assess associations between ZPP and iron markers (including anaemia), factors known or suspected to be associated with iron status, inflammation markers (plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein), infections (Plasmodium infection, HIV infection), and other disorders (α+-thalassaemia, plasma concentrations of total bilirubin, and lactate dehydrogenase).