Similarly, contradictions emerged with BNP related peptides: despite increased risk of HF with both high concentrations of BNP/NT-proBNP and with the presence of obesity, cross-sectional studies reported inverse associations between natriuretic peptides and markers of anthropometry in individuals with and without HF compared to those with normal weight [15]–[18]. Here, NPPB is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.