IGF2 and spina bifida: In mice, Igf2 is down-regulated at E11.5 and E13.5 in the cranial neural tube and choroid plexus in maternal diabetic mice [24]; however, in2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced rat, in which 21.79±17.71% of fetuses display a spina bifida phenotype, the level of Igf2 is elevated in liver tissue, but not kidney, bones or skeletal muscle [25].