Most mediators, e.g. tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/JE/CCL2) were similarly induced upon infection with the three parasite strains, whereas the mRNAs of lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β were only significantly increased in PcAS livers. Here, TNF is linked to infection.