NFKB1 and malaria: More downstream in the signaling cascade, Hz activates several mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) [34],[35],[40]–[43] and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [41],[42],[44], the latter of which is also activated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with uncomplicated malaria [45].