As we have previously demonstrated a role for TNFα and its receptors in hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis and vascular thrombosis [10], [22] and as we therefore hypothesize a predominant role of the TNFα/TNF receptor system in vascular inflammation, we now tested the effect of TNFα on the expression of selected proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, MCSF and adhesion molecules. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and glomerulonephritis.