TNF and neurodegenerative disease: On the other hand, activated microglial cells are also elicited to produce a plethora of proinflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS etc., which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease [17], Huntington’s disease [18], Parkinson’s disease [19], stroke [20] and hypoxic insults [21].