In summary, the two important physiological features of DN, renal hypertrophy and albuminuria, are regulated through different PKC isoforms; PKCα is involved in the development of albuminuria and maintenance the glomerular filtration barrier structure, whereas the PKCβ-isoform contributes to hyperglycemia-induced renal fibrosis. The gene discussed is PRKCB; the disease is liver dysplastic nodule.