TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In a study of 23, 458 patients on anti-TNFα therapy 20 patients (14 patients with RA) developed opportunistic infections (excluding TB or oral candidiasis) including oesophageal candidiasis, aspergillosis, candida sepsis, coccidiomycosis, cytomegalovirus, herpes zoster, and nocardiasis (Burmester et al., 2013).