Moreover, MCP‐1 appears to be particularly important in the pathogenesis of several human forms of biliary cirrhosis, including biliary atresia (Kobayashi et al. 2006) and primary biliary cirrhosis (Tsuneyama et al. 2001; Sasaki et al. 2014) and may even mediate the contributions of cholangiocytes in the nonbiliary cirrhosis occurring as a result of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (Chiba et al. 2011). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and primary biliary cholangitis.