TLR3 and cancer: Currently, agonists, such as BCG (TLR1, 2, 4, and 6), MPL (TLR4), poly(I:C) (TLR3), imiquimod (TLR7), and CpG (TLR9), have been tested and reported to initiate therapeutic effects to varying degrees in clinical trials for colon cancer (Vermorken et al., 1999), urothelial carcinoma (Sharma et al., 2008), non-small-cell lung cancer (Vansteenkiste et al., 2007), lymphoma (Brody et al., 2010), melanoma (Adams et al., 2008), and a number of other cancers.