IGHE and infection: We have reported previously, in the same population of children as the present study that: 1) human infections with Toxocara[18] and intestinal helminths[8, 17] were inversely associated with SPT; 2), T. trichiura infection and the presence of anti-Ascaris IgE were associated with atopic asthma in the early childhood; and 3) heavy infections with T. trichiura in early childhood were associated with protection against SPT in later childhood[8].