AKR1C1 and Familial prostate cancer: Although, the NRIF3/DD1/DIF-1 pathway does not mediate apoptosis of a wide variety of non-breast cancer cell lines, because of certain similarities and gene signatures between breast and prostate cancer [6–8] we explored whether the NRIF3/DD1/FASTKD2 pathway mediates apoptosis of prostate cancer cell lines.