These results are also in line with findings of other groups, such as the finding that p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) induction by TNF-α contributed to activating inflammation and epithelial apoptosis in the large intestine of a DSS-induced animal model of UC, and conversely, its suppression by anti-TNF-α antibody treatments prevented colitis and repressed the apoptotic activity of the colonic epithelium [37]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.