Alternatively, genes encoding proteins with a role in the late stage parasite liver development could be an attractive target, since induction of protection by late arresting GAPs may be superior to early arresting GAPs (Butler et al., 2011; Nganou-Makamdop and Sauerwein, 2013) However, late arresting GAPs are likely more risky and prone to breakthrough infection as shown for GAPs lacking the genes palm or lisp (Khan et al., 2012). Here, PALM is linked to infection.