APC and cancer: Dampening of APC inhibition of β-catenin appears to be more often due to promoter methylation (36–54%) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) (23%) than to somatically acquired APC mutations (∼2%) in human breast cancers (Sarrio et al., 2003; Jin et al., 2001; Banerji et al., 2012; The cancer genome atlas network 2012), but the presence of the APC promoter methylation and LOH are independent of tumor size or stage (Jin et al., 2001; Sarrio et al., 2003).