TGFA and neoplasm: Alternatively, tumour endothelial cells may divide up to 50 times more than normal endothelial cells and they will become activated through the release of pro-angiogenic growth factors including VEGF, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), the transforming growth factors (TGF-α and TGF-β), tumour necrosis factor, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), interleukin-8, and angiopoietins from tumour and stromal cells 12,13.