Lastly, when urinary IL-1β levels were compared among patients with benign disease, but differentiated on the basis of noted inflammatory involvement (including endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease), average urinary IL-1β levels were statistically increased in inflammatory benign disorders (1.88 pg/ml) compared to non-inflammatory benign disorders (0.82 pg/ml) (p =0.001) (Figure 2C). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and pelvic inflammatory disease.