The mRNA levels of the ODPA (PDHA1), ETFD (ETFDH), AL4A1 (ALDH4A1), ATPA (ATP5A1), and EFTU (TUFM) genes were increased in the DCM group (18-fold, p value<0.05; 62-fold, p value<0.01; 88-fold, p value<0.01; 79-fold, p value<0.01; and 25-fold, p value<0.05, respectively) (Fig. 4a). This evidence concerns the gene ATP5F1A and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.