TNF and tuberculosis: As shown in Figure 1A, the systemic levels of all three Type 1 cytokines – IFNγ (Geometric Mean of 335.9 pg/ml in TB-PDM versus 169.2 pg/ml in TB-NDM), TNFα (GM of 338.4 pg/ml vs. 252.4 pg/ml) and IL-2 (GM of 25.1 pg/ml vs. 13.9 pg/ml) were significantly higher in TB-PDM compared to TB-NDM individuals.