TLR3 and viral infectious disease: In humans, it has been shown that for some viruses, such as A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza A virus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV-1, TLR3-mediated immune response is important for protection against viral infection [37]–[43], while for other viruses such as rotavirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and hepatitis C virus, TLR3 contributes to a detrimental inflammatory response [44]–[46].