PTEN and melanoma: Melanomas harbor a number of aberrantly regulated signaling pathways, including INK4A-CDK4/6-RB, ARF-TP53-MDM2, RAS-RAF-MAPK, PTEN-PI3K-AKT, and aMSH-MC1R-cAMP-MITF, all of which may be altered via genetic, genomic, or epigenetic mechanisms [35], [36].