TNF and Hyperglycemia: This panel of biomarkers was selected due to associations between these factors with 1) renal hyperfiltration and acute responses to clamped hyperglycemia and 2) renal injury leading to diabetic nephropathy, including chemotaxis, inflammation and fibrosis [5], [6] and 3) hyperglycemia-related increases in urinary excretion of cytokine/chemokines, including IFN, PDGF, TNF and MCP-1 [22], [23], [24], leading to chronic kidney disease [25], [26], [27], [28], [29].