CCL2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In young adult patients with T1D, acute clamped hyperglycemia increases the urinary excretion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, including eotaxin, fibroblast growth factor-2, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-α2, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3), MCP-1, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage inflammatory proteins-1α (MIP-1α), platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-AB/BB), tumour necrosis factor-β and sCD40 Ligand (sCD40L) [5].