IL4 and infection: Uninfected cells did not release any of the cytokines measured (Figure 1C), and hMDMs exhibited a heterogeneous phenotype at the time of infection, expressing both M1 and M2 macrophage makers (Figure S2 and Table S1), corresponding to a more dynamic classification of macrophages, as proposed by Mosser and Edwards [25], rather than the conventional IFNγ-/IL-4-induced M1/M2 phenotypes.