We have shown that PD-1 blockade augments the efficacy of the DC/MM fusion vaccine in vitro as manifested by increased T cell expression of IFNγ, decreased expansion of regulatory T cells, and enhanced lysis of myeloma targets.91 Based on these findings, a clinical trial is now underway examining the efficacy of a PD-1 antibody alone or in conjunction with the DC/MM fusion vaccine following autologous transplantation. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and Miyoshi myopathy.