PCLAF and injury: One may speculate that ASM increases as a result of inflammation, as various inflammatory stimuli lead to activation of ASM mediated lipid signalling, including oxidative stress [22], [23], induction by or of cytokines [24], [25], platelet activating-factor (PAF)-mediated pulmonary oedema formation during acute lung injury [26] and ceramide accumulation in ischemia/reperfusion injury in mitochondria [27].